KAREN TUMANYAN

Member of the Supreme judicial council

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59546/18290744‑2026.1‑3‑20

 

Annotation.

This article examines the necessity of enshrining the right to a healthy environment in the second chapter of the Constitution in light of international and European legal developments. It traces the emergence and gradual consolidation of this right from the 1972 Stockholm Declaration and the 1992 Rio Declaration to the 2022 resolution of the United Nations General Assembly. Particular attention is given to the role of the Aarhus Convention in shaping procedural guarantees and to the case‑law of the European Court of Human Rights, through which environmental protection has been linked to the rights to life, private life, and property, thereby affirming States’ positive obligations.

Through a comparative legal analysis, the article presents constitutional solutions adopted in several European countries and explores the specific features of their judicial application. It argues that incorporating the right to a healthy environment into the second chapter of the Constitution would render the State’s environmental obligations directly applicable, broaden the toolkit of constitutional review, and provide an interpretative framework for the systematic development of national environmental legislation.

The purpose of the study is to assess the necessity of constitutionally entrenching the right to a healthy environment in the second chapter of the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia, devoted to fundamental rights and freedoms.

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DAVIT SAROYAN

Applicant at the Institute of Philosophy,

Sociology and Law of the National Academy

of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59546/18290744‑2026.1‑3‑11

 

Annotation.

This article provides a detailed examination of the limitations imposed on state sovereignty within the doctrine of international law and in the practice of states. This issue becomes particularly acute when a state joins international governmental organizations (for example, the European Union). In such cases, states must align their sovereign rights with the charters of these organizations (such as the UN Charter) and adjust their practical activities to meet the requirements set forth in those charters. The situation becomes even more complex when a state is a member of a supranational organization or institution. In such instances, the state, as a rule, voluntarily relinquishes part of its sovereign rights in favor of the functional competencies of that organization.

Regimes established by international treaties also play an important role by defining norms, rules, and procedures that ensure global regulation in specific fields, such as the non‑proliferation regime for nuclear weapons or international transport systems. All of this leads to national lawmaking becoming increasingly intertwined with international legal norms, while states themselves become part of an expanding system of global governance.

The article also highlights the distinction between the internal and external dimensions of sovereignty. Internal sovereignty is reflected in the state’s regulatory authority over society and the economy, its monopoly on the legitimate use of force, and its power to implement fiscal and economic policies. External sovereignty, in turn, manifests itself in the international recognition of states, respect for their territorial integrity, and the conduct of external economic policy. Growing international interdependence, along with the use of sanctions and mechanisms of economic pressure, simultaneously expands and limits the external autonomy of states.

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GAGIK HAMBARDZUMYAN

Applicant of the Institute of Philosophy,

Sociology and Law of the National Academy

of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59546/18290744‑2026.1‑3‑3

 

Annotation.

This article presents an extensive theoretical analysis of the typology of contemporary legal consciousness, examining it within the framework of the doctrine of the sources of law. The study argues that each legal family—such as the Romano‑Germanic, common law, religious, socialist, and mixed systems—creates its own unique structure of legal sources, which in turn shapes corresponding forms of legal consciousness. The research identifies and evaluates the principal approaches to legal consciousness, including natural law, legal positivism, the historical school of law, psychological jurisprudence, sociological jurisprudence, Marxist theory, and ethnocultural conceptions.

Natural law theory, rooted in ideas of justice, rationality, and inherent human rights, has historically influenced the doctrines of the rule of law and human rights. Legal positivism, by contrast, places emphasis on law as the command of a sovereign authority, underscoring the normative force and enforceability of legal rules. The historical school views law as an expression of the spirit of the people, shaped by customs and traditions. Psychological jurisprudence interprets law as a manifestation of human mental and emotional experiences, particularly imperatory‑attributive feelings that define legal behavior.

Sociological jurisprudence frames law as a “living law,” arguing that real social relations, rather than formal legal norms, form the true foundation of legal order. Marxist legal theory interprets law as the expression of class will determined by economic relations, claiming that legal superstructures are conditioned by the material base of society. The ethnocultural approach asserts that legal consciousness is shaped by cultural identity, national traditions, and historical development, emphasizing that no universal form of legal consciousness can exist independent of cultural context.

The article concludes that understanding the typological diversity of legal consciousness is essential for developing a comprehensive methodology for analyzing legal systems, interpreting legal sources, and investigating the cultural foundations of law. Such a typological approach enables deeper interdisciplinary research, supports comparative legal studies, and contributes to the formation of more sophisticated models of legal education and legal awareness.

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Ամսագրի ամբողջական համարը

1.Գագիկ Համբարձումյան - «Իրավահասկացման տիպերն իրավունքի աղբյուրների տեսանկյունից»,

2.Դավիթ Սարոյան - «Միջազգային իրավունքը և պետության ինքնիշխանության սահմանափակման հիմնախնդիրը»,

3.Կարեն Թումանյան - «Առողջ շրջակա միջավայրում ապրելու իրավունքի սահմանադրական ամրագրման անհրաժեշտությունը»,

4.Տիգրան Քոչարյան, Անահիտ Շահումյան - «Քաղաքացիական հասարակության վերահսկողության սահմանադրաիրավական հիմունքները և դրա զարգացման դինամիկան Հայաստանի Հանրապետությունում»,

5.Инна Нерсесян -  ՛՛Судьи как лица с особым правовым статусом в контексте реализации права на свободу мирных собраний՛՛,

6.Սերգեյ Ղազինյան - «Մարդու արժանապատվությունը և պետության սոցիալական բաղադրիչը՝ որպես մարդկանց թրաֆիքինգի կանխարգելման սահմանադրական հիմք»,

7.Աննա Հակոբյան - «Պետական գնումների գործընթացում ռիսկերի զսպման մեխանիզմները»,

8.Mane Markosyan -  ՛՛Peculiarities of the Civil‑Law Status of the Subsoil Use Right Under the Legislation of the Republic of Armenia՛՛,

9.Հենրիկ Խունդկարյան - «Պետական վարչական պաշտոնից ազատելու հետ կապված վեճերի ենթակայությունը»,

10.Դիանա Ավետիսյան - «NULLUM CRIMEN SINE LEGE սկզբունքն ազգային և միջազգային քրեական իրավունքում. իրավահամեմատական վերլուծություն և իրականացման խնդիրներ»,

11.Ալիսա Ամիրխանյան - «Ապօրինի հարստացման հանցանքի սուբյեկտը՝ ըստ ՀՀ օրենսդրության և միջազգային փորձի»,

12.Վիրաբ Համբարձումյան - «Սառը զենք հասկացության իրավական նշանակությունը. դոկտրինալ և գործնական հիմնախնդիրներ»,

13.Геворг Исраелян - ՛՛Основные составы половых преступлений, потерпевшим от которых является ребенок: сравнительный анализ норм действующего и предыдущего уголовных законов՛՛,

14.Սուրեն Բաղինյան - «Քրեական վարույթ և օպերատիվ‑հետախուզական գործունեություն իրականացնող մարմինների փոխգործողության տակտիկատեխնոլոգիական հիմքերն ու առանձնահատկությունները պետական դավաճանության քննության ընթացքում»,

15.Հովսեփ Քոչարյան - «Ագրեսիայի հանցագործությունը Հռոմի ստատուտի լույսի ներքո. կիբեռագրեսիայի տեղեկատվական ինքնիշխանության մարտահրավերները ՀՀ քրեական օրենսգրքի համատեքստում»:

TIJN VAN OSCH

Retired senior Appeal Judge (Vice-President) at the Court of Appeal Arnhem-Leeuwarden

(The Netherlands),

Deputy Judge at the Court of Appeal Arnhem-Leeuwarden (The Netherlands),

Substitute Chair of the Disciplinary Court of Appeal for Lawyers,

Chair of the International Committee of the Dutch Association for the Judiciary (NVvR) and

Representative for NVvR at the International Association of Judges (IAJ/UIM),

Observer on behalf of IAJ/UIM at the Hague Conference on Private International Law,

Vice-President of the 2nd Study Commission Civil Law of the International Association of Judges

(IAJ/UIM)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59546/18290744-2025.10-12-183

 

Annotation.

The issue of excessively long legal documents is a global problem, not just a Dutch one. This was confirmed by the International Association of Judges (IAJ/UIM) after a survey of nearly 40 countries found that many jurisdictions suffer from overly long and unnecessary procedural documents. In this article about Comparative law, the Dutch Judge Tijn van Osch explains the international situation from the background of the Dutch solution for the problem.

While most countries surveyed do not have explicit limits on document length, a few do, including the Netherlands, Australia, Ireland, US and the UK. The effectiveness of these limits is clear. For example, the U.S. f inds they help judges prepare and write judgments more efficiently. Globally, a key suggestion is to train lawyers in better writing skills, as many believe the problem lies with the quality of the legal profession.

In the Netherlands, the judiciary has already implemented a 25-page limit for appeal documents since April 2021. The Supreme Court upheld this regulation, stating it has a sufficient legal basis and is necessary for an efficient legal process. An evaluation found that the rules are working well, with lawyers successfully adapting their writing to the new limits.

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MARTIN MANUKYAN

Responsible for monitoring the work of the Office of the

Public Defender of the Chamber of Advocates of the Republic of Armenia,

Lecturer at the Department of Jurisprudence of the Yerevan University “Gladzor,”

Candidate of Legal Sciences

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59546/18290744-2025.10-12-175

 

Annotation.

Analysis of the practice of development of Western European parliamentarism shows that this institution cannot function effectively without a formed social structure and civil society, characterized by a high legal and political culture of the population. Parliament symbolizes and implements the political representation of the national state, or, what is the same, the nation-state; accepts the oath of the head of state; expresses confidence in the government on behalf of the sovereign people; transfers powers to it; etc. According to the author of the article, it is the features of the relationship between the representative and executive authorities that underlie the classification of parliaments into dominant, autonomous, limited-power, and subordinate.

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