VAHE YENGIBARYAN

Honored Lawyer of the RA, Doctor of Law, Professor,

Professor at YSU Chair of Criminal Procedure and Criminology

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59546/18290744-2024.7-9-22

 

Annotation.

This article discusses a number of important issues regarding the implementation of secret investigative activities. Secret investigative operations, as operations carried out during pre-trial proceedings, have specific tasks aimed at detection and prevention of crimes, collection of evidence and identification of the person who committed the crime. In the legal and linguistic sense, “covert” means a secret, non-public, inconspicuous practice, the purpose of which is to provide evidence necessary for the investigator’s actions. The probative value of secret investigative operations is largely determined by the protection of the guarantees provided by law during their implementation. Compliance of national legislation with international standards is essential to ensure the legality of covert investigative activities. The position of the European Court of Human Rights on this issue emphasizes that the competent authorities of the states can carry out secret operations to ensure the protection of public safety, but there must always be clear and effective guarantees for the protection of human rights. The guarantees established by the state for the implementation of secret investigative activities are intended to exclude human rights violations, possible interferences and abuses. For example, according to Article 243 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Armenia, secret investigative actions are carried out based on a court order and only in the event that gathering evidence by other means is impossible. In the case of conducting secret investigative activities, priority is given to the proportionality of the interference with personal data and the protection of private life and fundamental rights. The legislation of Armenia also sets clear restrictions on the scope of persons against whom secret actions can be carried out, including with the permission of the court. The author concludes that secret investigative actions, being an independent type of state activity carried out by law enforcement agencies within the scope of the functions assigned to them by law, are subject to implementation in accordance with the nature of that activity, its purpose and the legality conditions set by the legislation, always guaranteeing a fair balance between the public interest and the rights of the individual.

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HAYARPI ZARGARYAN

Judge of the RA Appeal Anti-Corruption Court,

PhD in Law

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59546/18290744-2024.7-9-11

 

Annotation.

The subject of the author’s discussion was some issues of confiscation of property of illegal origin, as a new institution introduced into domestic judicial practice, focusing on the issue of mandatory state registration of marriage in order to confirm the fact of joint household management.

The author referred to the definitions of family members and persons associated with them in the sense of the RA Law “On Confiscation of Property of Illegal Origin”, proposing to make similar changes to the RA Family Code. Then she analyzed the criterion of joint household management from the mandatory valid conditions presented by affiliated persons within the meaning of the law, again noting the absence of equivalent definitions in the RA Family Code.

As a result of a comprehensive analysis of legislative norms, as well as provisions expressed in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the author came to the conclusion that in order to consider the existence of factual grounds for “running a joint household”, state registration of the marriage of partners running the household is not a mandatory, but it is necessary to find out whether the partners actually managed the household jointly or not, interpreting the concept of “family” in a broad sense, taking into account the special regulation of running a joint household and its significance, which is essential for legal relations.

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DAVIT SAROYAN

Applicant at the Institute of Philosophy,

Sociology and Law of the National Academy

of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59546/18290744-2024.7-9-3

 

Annotation.

In this article, the author considers the state as a legal value in two aspects. First, the state itself is a legal category. By its nature and content, the state cannot arise, operate and develop without law. Secondly, the state is inextricably linked with positive law, and this is expressed in two ways: first, the state is the main lawmaker, and secondly, the state exercises its functional powers through law. Therefore, the State embodies and represents a legal value. The legal value of the state is not only in the fact that it is inextricably linked to the law, but also in the fact that the state itself has legal content, that is, the state was formed on legal bases and acts in accordance with the principles and norms of law. In this sense, it can be said that the state appears and exists as a fact of life, which is determined by the characteristics and necessity of conscious and material life activity of people.The state as a fact of life is the result of the given norm, the state is the norm itself in its factual, empirical expression.

The normative system arising from the state is a manifestation of its will, which is aimed at subordinating all subjects of public life. The regime of power requires stability, which is ensured by law.

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Ամսագրի ամբողջական համարը

1. Դավիթ Սարոյան - «Պետությունը՝ իբրև իրավաբանական արժեք»,

2. Հայարփի Զարգարյան - «Ապօրինի ծագում ունեցող գույքի բռնագանձման վարույթում ամուսինների գույքային իրավահարաբերությունների որոշ առանձնահատկությունները»,

3. Վահե Ենգիբարյան - «Գաղտնի քննչական գործողությունների իրավաչափության հիմարար երաշխիքները»,

4. Մելիք Մելիքյան - «Հանցագործության պրովոկացիայի տեղն ու նշանակությունը քրեական իրավունքի ընդհանուր մասի որոշ ինստիտուցիոնալ կառուցակարգերում»,

5. Արման Բաբախանյան - «Քրեական ենթամշակույթի տարածման միտումերը Հայաստանի Հանրապետությունում»,

6. Ադելինա Սարգսյան, Հրայր Աղավելյան - «Մարդու կլոնավորման քրեաիրավական ասպեկտները»,

7. Նարեկ Հարությունյան - «Անօրինական միգրացիայի կազմակերպման սուբյեկտիվ հատկանիշներն ըստ Հայաստանի Հանրապետության քրեական օրենսդրության»,

8. Գևորգ Իսրայելյան - «Տեղեկատվական և հաղորդակցական տեխնոլոգիաների օգտագործման միջոցով կատարվող հափշտակությունների տիպային մեխանիզմերը և կանխարգելման միջոցները Հայաստանի Հանրապետությունում»,

9. Ռոզա Աբրահամյան - ««Իրավական երաշխիքները»՝ որպես քրեակատարողական իրավունքի տեսության հիմնահարց»:

 

 

 

 

 

SIRANUSH GRIGORYAN

Yerevan State University,

Faculty of Law, Chair of European and International Law,

PhD Student

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59546/18290744-2024.4-6-97

 

Annotation.

The European Union (EU) has become a significant user of international sanctions to address global issues. This study examines the EU's legal foundation for sanctions, analysing the decision-making process and the expanding toolkit that has established sanctions as a foreign policy instrument. By providing insights into the operation and impact of EU sanctions mechanisms, it identifies critical areas for improvement, such as strengthening the legal basis for targeting non-state actors, enhancing procedural safeguards, and ensuring transparent justifications for sanctions. Additionally, it explores obstacles and risks associated with current policies, proposing changes to make the EU's sanctions regime more effective. Through continuous improvement and adaptation of its legal framework, the EU can better respond to international challenges and uphold its foreign policy objectives in the coming decades. The research aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on the future direction of EU sanctions policy, emphasizing the need for a more f lexible and responsive approach.

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HAYK GRIGORYAN

The Academic Member of the Supreme Judicial Council of

the Republic of Armenia,

Doctor of Law

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59546/18290744-2024.4-6-89

 

Annotation.

The article examines the problems of the lack of adequate implementing legislation in the Republic of Armenia, as well as the incompatibility of the norms of national legislation and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The article provides a legal analysis of the norms of substantive and procedural law in relation to a number of key legal institutions and substantiates the need for relevant lawmaking activities, which are essentially inevitable after the ratification and entry into force of the Rome Statute of the ICC. In order to eliminate the analyzed legal gaps, it is proposed to make appropriate amendments to the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes, as well as to a number of other laws. It is proposed to eliminate the legal gap in cooperation between national criminal justice bodies and the ICC by creating a special governmental institute for cooperation with the ICC, appointing national coordinators, ratifying the Agreement on Privileges and Immunities of the ICC and adopting the Law on Cooperation with the ICC. It is proposed to include in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Armenia a separate chapter on the norms and procedures for organizing investigations and collecting evidence. In order to overcome the high level of blanketness of war crimes, as well as taking into account the existing international legal obligations of the Republic of Armenia, it is proposed to split the same-name Chapter 22 of Section VIII of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia “Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind” and supplement Section VIII with separate chapters - “Crimes against Peace” (Chapter 22 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia), “Crimes against the Security of Mankind” (Chapter 23 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia), “War Crimes” (Chapter 24 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia), thereby incorporating Art. 6 of the Rome Statute of the ICC “Genocide”, Art. 7 “Crimes against Humanity” and Art. 8 “War Crimes” into Section VIII of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia. Such an approach will ensure the unification of all crimes against international humanitarian law, where only the chapter “War Crimes” will include about 50 different types of war crimes, taking into account the list of crimes also provided for by customary international law.

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